Education in Syria

Education in Syria has historically been one of the most valued pillars of national development, reflecting the country’s strong emphasis on literacy, academic achievement, and cultural advancement. Before 2011, Syria had achieved notable progress in expanding access to primary and secondary education, improving literacy rates, and enhancing the quality of public schooling. 

The country’s universities, particularly in Damascus, Aleppo, and Latakia, were recognized as leading academic institutions in the region. However, years of conflict have significantly altered the educational landscape, affecting infrastructure, access, and learning outcomes. Despite these challenges, Syria continues to prioritize education as a foundation for future recovery, human development, and socioeconomic stability.

Structure of the Education System

Syria’s education system is divided into several key stages:

Education Level

Age/Grade Range

Description

Early Childhood Education

Ages 3–5

Preschool and kindergarten programs offered by public and private institutions.

Primary Education

Grades 1–6

First stage of Basic Education; focuses on literacy, numeracy, and general foundational skills.

Lower Secondary Education

Grades 7–9

Second stage of Basic Education; expands academic subjects and prepares students for secondary pathways.

General Secondary Education

Grades 10–12

Academic track preparing students for the Baccalaureate exam and university admission.

Vocational & Technical Secondary Education

Grades 10–12

Provides technical and trade-related training in fields like industry, agriculture, and commerce.

Higher Education

University level (Undergraduate & Postgraduate)

Offered by public and private universities and higher institutes across Syria.

Technical & Intermediate Institutes

2–3 years after secondary school

Specialized training in engineering, health sciences, administration, and applied fields.


Achievements and Strengths

Before the crisis, Syria had:

  • Achieved high literacy rates, particularly among youth.
  • Expanded access to free public education across urban and rural areas.
  • Developed specialized institutions for technical, teacher, and vocational training.
  • Strengthened higher education through research centers and international academic cooperation.
Despite disruptions, many of these strengths continue to influence the country’s long-term educational vision.

Impact of Conflict on Education

The prolonged conflict has brought significant challenges:

  • Damage to schools and universities, including destruction and loss of resources.
  • Reduced enrollment, particularly in areas with security concerns or displacement.
  • Shortage of teachers, as many have migrated or shifted professions.
  • Interrupted learning, causing gaps in literacy, basic skills, and academic progress.
  • Economic constraints, making it difficult for families to cover school supplies, transport, or university fees.
Nevertheless, many public schools and universities remain operational, especially in stable regions, and efforts to rehabilitate educational facilities are ongoing.

Efforts Toward Recovery and Reform

Syria continues to take steps to rebuild and strengthen its education sector:

  • Rehabilitating damaged schools, with support from government and international partners.
  • Training teachers to improve teaching quality and update curricula.
  • Modernizing educational programs, especially in technical and vocational fields.
  • Enhancing digital learning, where feasible, to support remote education.
  • Expanding psychosocial support for students affected by conflict and displacement.
These efforts aim to restore educational continuity and prepare students for future employment opportunities.